Resume
On Linux-based embedded systems that implement software authentication (secure boot and chain of trust), the file system check is usually done using an initial RAM file system (initramfs). Using an initramfs is more direct and flexible, since you can more easily modify or calculate the check arguments from within the initramfs. For older kernels (< 5.4) that do not have roothash signature verification in the kernel, an initramfs is also essential if you want to run the Linux roothash signature verification during the boot sequence. However, as expected, the use of an initramfs can add unwanted boot time and storage requirements to the system. If your embedded system is running with very strict boot times or storage requirements, omitting initramfs may be beneficial to you. This can be done using a technique calledinitial device mapping.
basic principles
The Linux kernel has a driver subsystem for device mapping, where a hardware storage device can be remapped via a target driver to produce a new transparent virtual storage device. This subsystem contains some target drivers. One of them is called Verity, which is used for file system verification. Crypt is another one we commonly use that provides file system encryption. We colloquially refer to them as DM-Verity and DM-Crypt. DM-Verity is what we will be using in this post. Let's start with a simple DM-Verity example based on initramfs.
Starting with a rootfs ext4 partition, we can generate the true metadata of a build system via:
DATA_BLOCK_SIZE="4096"HASH_BLOCK_SIZE="4096"PART_SRC_EXT4=example.ext4METADATA_HASH_DEV=example.ext4.formato metadataveritysetup--Dice-block-Size=ps{DATA_BLOCK_SIZE}\--Hash-block-Size=ps{HASH_BLOCK_SIZE}ps{PART_SRC_EXT4}ps{METADATA_HASH_DEV}
The output of this command looks like:
VERITY header information e.g.ext4.metadataUUID: e17b33f3-ce02-4d9b-a0a8-90c85ebe3240hash type: 1data blocks: 16384data block size: 4096Hash block size: 4096hashing algorithm: sha256Sal: 2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518broot hashish: b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941
So when we mount and pass to the root filesystem checked from initramfs at boot time, we would mount from the target device:
MAPPER_NAME="verity_example"PART_SRC_EXT4="/dev/mmcblk0p1"METADATA_HASH_DEV="/dev/mmcblk0p2"SOURCE="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"truth setting \--restart-on-corruption--ignore-zero-blocks\create${MAPPER_NAME}ps{PART_SRC_EXT4}ps{METADATA_HASH_DEV}ps{SOURCE}mkdir-pag/newrootmount/developer/mapper/ps{MAPPER_NAME} /newrootswitch_root/new root/sbin/Start
You're done! Each block of data contained in /newroot will now be checked by the kernel before being used. However, part of the trust chain is still missing in this example. To understand this, we need to know what the DM-Verity root hash used above is. So what is the root hash? It is basically the last top node of a special binary hash tree called a Merkle Tree. Each data block is encoded and stored at the bottom level of this binary tree. The hash pairs are then shuffled until a final hash is derived.
This Merkle Tree is also what is contained in the Verity partition or metadata file, along with some additional header information.
Therefore, before running veritysetup to create the /dev/mapper entry with verity mountable backing, the root hash must also be verified. Otherwise, someone can break your chain of trust by overwriting your entire root filesystem, metadata filesystem, and root hash entry. You can verify this root hash of your bootloader through some form of trusted/secure boot like UEFI. However, an easy way to perform signature verification is not always available in many embedded bootloaders, so we chose to do it from the kernel. Traditionally this is done within initramfs using a library like OpenSSL.
So, for example, from your build system, you can create an RSA-signed rootash via:
SOURCE="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"PRIVATE KEY="verity_private.pem"PUBLIC KEY="verity_public.pem"#Generate RSA key pairgenpkey the openssl-RSA algorithm-for a ${PRIVATE KEY} -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048abre ssl rsa-Publication-they ${PRIVATE KEY} -for a ${PUBLIC KEY}#Sign the root hashecological ${SOURCE} |tr-d'\norte' >roothash.txtopenssl rsautl-plate-ink key ${PRIVATE KEY} -for a ${SOURCE}.signed-they ${SOURCE}
Then, in your embedded target, you would store the public key and signed root hash and verify authenticity via your initramfs:
# If signed correctly, return the rootash of the signed rootash fileSOURCE=$(openssl rsautl -verify -in"roothash.txt.assinado"-clave ${PUBLIC KEY}-bar)#Resultado = b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941ecological ${SOURCE}
You can then use this resulting verified rootash to run "veritysetup create" as shown above.
Linux kernel space signature check
Signature verification in the Linux kernel is done with CONFIG_DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG=y. This is a kernel configuration option that was added in version 5.4. Adds the ability to perform roothash signature verification in Linux kernel space without external tools or libraries.
This is used when creating an RSA certificate from the build system:
PRIVATE KEY="verity_key.pem"certificate="verity_cert.pem"requires open SSL-x509-new rsa key:1024 -clave ${PRIVATE KEY}\-for a ${certificate} -us-day365 -set_serial01 -topic in question/NORTH CAROLINA=example.com
Then you need to add the certificate to your kernel build system with the appropriate configuration options:
CONFIG_DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG=yCONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYRING=yCONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS="verity_cert.pem"
Next, we create the build system signed root hash:
SOURCE="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"PRIVATE KEY="verity_key.pem"certificate="verity_cert.pem"ecological ${SOURCE} |tr-d'\norte' >roothash.txtopenssl smiles-plate-nocertificates-noattr-tracks-em roothash.TXT \-ink key ${PRIVATE KEY} -subscriber ${certificate} -go there-out rootash.TXT.signed
Don't forget to request signatures in the kernel command line parameters of the embedded target by adding:
dm_verity.require_signatures=1
Then finally we can mount the filesystem from our initramfs:
MAPPER_NAME="verity_example"PART_SRC_EXT4="/dev/mmcblk0p1"METADATA_HASH_DEV="/dev/mmcblk0p2"SOURCE="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"truth setting \--restart-on-corruption--ignore-zero-blocks--fuente-Hash-business=roothash.TXT.signed \ create"${MAPPER_NAME}" "${PART_SRC_EXT4}"\"${METADATA_HASH_DEV}" "${ROOT OF ROOT}"mkdir-pag/newrootmount/developer/mapper/ps{MAPPER_NAME} /newrootswitch_root/new root/sbin/Start
How can I do this without an initramfs? CONFIG_DM_INIT=y
CONFIG_DM_INIT is a kernel mechanism that allows you to pass a device allocation table to the kernel at boot time from kernel command line parameters.
So from a command line point of view, the userspace command transforms from this:
truth setting--ignore-zero-blocks\create"dm-0" "/dev/mmcblk0p1" "/dev/mmcblk0p2"\"b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"
To do this, we manually pass the DM table information to the kernel:
direct message-modification.cry="true,,,ro,0 131072 true 1 /dev/mmcblk0p1 /dev/mmcblk0p2 4096 4096 16384 1 sha256\b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941\2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518b 1 ignore_zero_blocks"
To break this down a bit more:
direct message-modification.cry="<name>,<uuid>,<minor>,<flags>,[dm_table_params {dm_verity_params}]"Uno de dm_table_params="<initial_sector> <num_sectors> <target_type> <dm_verity_parameters>"E dm_verity_params="<version> <development> <development_hash> <data_block_size> <hash_block_size> <number_data_blocks>\<hash_start_block> <algoritmo> <digest> <salt> [<#opt_params> <opt_params>]"
So, in our example:
Name="TRUE"uuid="unused/disabled"smaller="unused/disabled"banderas="Ro"dm_table_params=home_sector="0"num_sectors="131072"target type="TRUE"goal_args="dm_verity_params"version="1"developer="mmcblk0p1"hash_dev="mmcblk0p2"data_block_size="4096"hash_block_size="4096"num_data_blocks="16384"hash_start_block="1"algorithm="sha256"to digest="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"sal="2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518b"
From the "veritysetup format" command above, we can see how many of these parameters are derived:
VERITY header information e.g.ext4.metadataUUID: e17b33f3-ce02-4d9b-a0a8-90c85ebe3240hash type: 1data blocks: 16384data block size: 4096Hash block size: 4096hashing algorithm: sha256Sal: 2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518broot hashish: b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941
For the number of sectors, this is calculated using Verity Data Blocks * Verity Data Block Size / Sector Size. Assuming your slice size is 512 (the most common), we have 16384*4096/512 = 131072.
On U-Boot I like to set this up similar to:
setenv DATA_BLOCKS16384setenv DATA_BLOCK_SIZE4096setenv DATA_SECTORS131072setenv HASH_BLOCK_SIZE4096setenv HASH_ALGsha256setenv WILL2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518bsetenv ROOT_HASHb96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941setenv DATA_DEVmmcblk0p1setenv DATA_META_DEVmmcblk0p2setenv bootargs ${starts}direct message-modification.cry="true,,,ro,0ps{DATA_SECTORS} true 1 /dev/ps{DATA_DEV}/dev/ps{DATA_META_DEV}ps{HASH_BLOCK_SIZE}ps{DATA_BLOCK_SIZE}ps{DATA BLOCKS} 1ps{HASH_ALG}ps{ROOT_HASH}ps{SAL} 1 ignore_zero_blocks"fuente=/developer/direct message-0dm_verity.require_signatures=1
Note: /dev/dm-0 is the first device mapper created by this initial device mapping procedure. If this is your rootfs, you should also set root=/dev/dm-0 as we did above.
Wait, what about the initial verification of the root hash signature? Where did that go?
Nice catch, we can no longer use the OpenSSL+initramfs method. Unfortunately, DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG does not support direct mapping either, as it uses the kernel keystore system and does not provide a way to configure keystore via kernel command line arguments.
Alright, let's fix it. We'll add a new verity table parameter called "root_hash_sig_hex" where we can define the input root hash signature, without the keychain.
From: Nathan Barrett-Morrison <nathan.morrison@timesys.com>Data: fourth,30March2022 10:57:25-04:00Subject: [PATCH1/1] DM-Verity: Add the root_hash_sig_hex parameter to the initial mapping of the device verity so that we can pass a roothash signature via /proc/cmdline. This allows the ability to use DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG in conjunction with the above device mapping---controllers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c |8+++- controladores/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c |63++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ controladores/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.h |19++++++++-3files changed,87inserts (+),3exclusions (-)diff --git a/drivers/md/dm-verity-target.c b/drivers/md/dm-verity-target.cindex 3fb02167a590..047dd9a10264 100644--- a/drivers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c+++ b/drivers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c@@ -930,7 +930,13 @@ static int verity_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v,se(r) return r; continue;-+ } más si (verity_verify_is_hex_sig_opt_arg(arg_name)) {+ r = verity_verify_hex_sig_parse_opt_args(como, v,+check_arguments,+ &argc, arg_name);+ yes(r)+ returns r;+ continue;} ti->error = "Unrecognized verification function request";diff --git a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.cindex 919154ae4cae..906e5a2034b5 100644--- a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c+++ b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ bool verity_verify_is_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name)DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION_OPT_SIG_KEY)); }+bool verity_verify_is_hex_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name)+{+ return (!strcasecmp(nombre_arg,+ DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION_OPT_HEX_SIG_KEY));+}+static int verity_verify_get_sig_from_key(const char *key_desc, struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts) {@@ -64,6 +70,33 @@ static int verity_verify_get_sig_from_key(const char *key_desc,right return; }+static int verity_verify_get_sig_from_hex(const char *key_desc,+ estructura dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts)+{+ int ret = 0, i = 0, j = 0;+ uint8_t byte[3] = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00};+ long result;++ sig_opts->sig = kmalloc(strlen(key_desc)/2, GFP_KERNEL);+ si (!sig_opts->sig) {+ right = -ENOMEME;+ go to the end;+ }++ sig_opts->sig_size = strlen(key_desc)/2;++ for(i = 0, j = 0; i < strlen(key_desc)-1; i+=2, j+=1){+ byte[0] = key_desc[i];+ byte[1] = key_desc[i+1];+ kstrtol(byte, 16, &result);+ sig_opts->sig[j] = result;+ }++fim:++ right return;+}+int verity_verify_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v, struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts,@@ -93,6 +126,36 @@ int verity_verify_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as,right return; }+int verity_verify_hex_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as,+ estructura dm_verity *v,+ estructura dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts,+ unsigned int *argc,+ carácter const *arg_name)+{+ structure dm_target *ti = v->ti;+ enter = 0;+ const char *sig_key = NULL;++ si (!*argc) {+ ti->error = DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ERR("Signing key not specified");+ return -SINGLE SELECTION;+ }++ sig_key = dm_shift_arg(como);+ (*argc)--;++ ret = verity_verify_get_sig_from_hex(sig_key, sig_opts);+ se (right < 0)+ ti->error = DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ERR("Invalid key specified");++ v->signature_key_desc = kstrdup(sig_key, GFP_KERNEL);+ si (!v->signature_key_desc)+ return -ENOMEM;++ right return;+}++/* * Verify_verify_rootash - Verifies the hash veracity of the device root hash * using built-in trust keys.diff --git a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.h b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.hindex 19b1547aa741..2be00114becc 100644--- a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verificar-sig.h+++ b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.h@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@#define DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION "Verificación DM Verity Sig" #define DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION_OPT_SIG_KEY "root_hash_sig_key_desc"+#define DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION_OPT_HEX_SIG_KEY "root_hash_sig_hex"struct dm_verity_sig_opts { unsigned int sig_size;@@ -23,11 +24,13 @@ estructura dm_verity_sig_opts {int verity_verify_root_hash(const void *data, size_t data_len, const void *sig_data, size_t sig_len); bool verity_verify_is_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name);-+bool verity_verify_is_hex_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name);int verity_verify_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v, struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts, unsigned int *argc, const char *arg_name);-+int verity_verify_hex_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v,+ estructura dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts,+ int sin signo *argc, const char *arg_name);void verity_verify_sig_opts_cleanup(struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts); #outro@@ -45,6 +48,11 @@ bool verity_verify_is_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name)returns false; 🇧🇷+bool verity_verify_is_hex_sig_opt_arg(const char *arg_name)+{+ returns false;+}+int verity_verify_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v, struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts, unsigned int *argc, const char *arg_name)@@ -52,6 +60,13 @@ int verity_verify_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v,volver -SINGLE SELECTION; }+int verity_verify_hex_sig_parse_opt_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct dm_verity *v,+ estructura dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts,+ int sin firmar *argc, const char *arg_name)+{+ return -SINGLE SELECTION;+}+void verity_verify_sig_opts_cleanup(struct dm_verity_sig_opts *sig_opts) { }
Therefore, this patch allows the kernel to receive the roothash signature as a hexadecimal-formatted string from command line arguments and convert it back to raw data when copied to sig_opts->sig. This is done within the verity_verify_get_sig_from_hex() section of the patch.
Now that our kernel is patched, we can do the following in our build system:
SOURCE="b96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941"PRIVATE KEY="verity_key.pem"certificate="verity_cert.pem"ecological ${SOURCE} |tr-d'\norte' >roothash.txtopenssl smiles-plate-nocertificates-noattr-tracks-em roothash.TXT \-ink key ${PRIVATE KEY} -subscriber ${certificate} -go there-out rootash.TXT.firmadoxxd-p sign.TXT|tr-d'\norte'#This will generate a hex dump of a signature that looks like:#3081f906092a864886f70d010702a081eb3081e8020101310f300d06096086480165030402010500300#b06092a864886f70d0107013181c43081c1020101301b30163114301206035504030c0b6578616d706c65#2e636f6d020101300d06096086480165030402010500300d06092a864886f70d01010105000481806f196#a3081d941d22de98b34fc56f5c1b7ffc827ccd1307be9017bb6773da49026ef556668185c68b30562a60c#ec635bbe0a52ad92b878dac9e4ad146f5d36101b48ec5f522d12772b8e915524586598c8659494fba427e#e46c02043f30f45e096a1b9a987fc200b815f43bb48d42ad2d64b3f632f5332e6f74890b4541b467d
Then, from our target system's boot arguments, we can add the new "root_hash_sig_hex" parameters:
setenv DATA_BLOCKS16384setenv DATA_BLOCK_SIZE4096setenv DATA_SECTORS131072setenv HASH_BLOCK_SIZE4096setenv HASH_ALGsha256setenv WILL2a4c7638f03b92bdb92d7284a742e0c4407c9ef65fdf2a7ea78ed02fde4a518bsetenv ROOT_HASHb96a69664f9279857931dbf64f942caf909076e40fd5bd5ed8d30b53ff922941setenv DATA_DEVmmcblk0p1setenv DATA_META_DEVmmcblk0p2setenv VERITY_SIGNATURE3081f906092a864886f70d010702a081eb3081e8020101310f300d06096086480165030402010500300 b06092a864886f70d0107013181c43081c1020101301b30163114301206035504030c0b6578616d706c652e636f6d020101300d 06096086480165030402010500300d06092a864886f70d010101050004818071fcaaf1b252a56448438e0a9350b7380a407b1e9 0ae869ec5062466b0eb6cc5358e253a9d57086c358220745bc60c2a6d8dbc30c02fb1714c9c98f10e0679b87deb0c19929675c8 fcf89f37c684f043583fca52729ffb6e928eb29b7ee0c9eab3a3b0809a4463f3c8d6d458745c9116a7df1677c707df6352f2323 13a62ce20setenv bootargs ${starts}direct message-modification.cry="true,,,ro,0ps{DATA_SECTORS} true 1 /dev/ps{DATA_DEV}/dev/ps{DATA_META_DEV}ps{HASH_BLOCK_SIZE}ps{DATA_BLOCK_SIZE}ps{DATA BLOCKS} 1ps{HASH_ALG}ps{ROOT_HASH}ps{SALT} 3 ignore_zero_blocks root_hash_sig_hexps{VERITY_SIGNATURE}"fuente=/developer/direct message-0dm_verity.require_signatures=1
Now you are really ready! Your kernel will check for DM-Verity filesystem rootash and boot without any requirement for an initramfs.
Other considerations
1) Here are all the kernel configuration options related to device mapping and veracity:
CONFIG_BLK_DEV=yCONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP=yCONFIG_MD=yCONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM=yCONFIG_BLK_DEV_MD=yCONFIG_DM_INIT=yCONFIG_DM_VERIDAD=yCONFIG_DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ROOTHASH_SIG=yCONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYRING=yCONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS="verity_cert.pem"
2) Your verified file system is only as good as your chain of trust. Each stage of the boot process must be properly protected. Our Secure Boot article describes this in more detail.on here.
3) If your U-Boot environment can be manipulated such that dm_verity.require_signatures can be disabled, then root filesystem verification can easily be overridden. You might consider enabling this with a kernel patch like so:
From: Nathan Barrett-Morrison <nathan.morrison@timesys.com>Data: fourth,30March2022 10:58:20-04:00Subject: [PATCH1/1] DM-Verity: Requires dm-verity rootash signatures, cannot be disabled via /proc/cmdline---controladores/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c |4++-1file changed,3inserts (+),1elimination(-)diff --git a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.cIndia 906e5a2034b5..b979e8e6b498 100644--- a/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c+++ b/drivers/md/dm-verity-verify-sig.c@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@#define DM_VERITY_VERIFY_ERR(s) DM_VERITY_ROOT_HASH_VERIFICATION " " s-static bool require_signatures;+static bool require_signatures = true;+/*module_param(require_signatures, bool,0444🇧🇷 MODULE_PARM_DESC(require_signatures, "Verificar árbol hash roothash dm-verity");+*/#define DM_VERITY_IS_SIG_FORCE_ENABLED() \ (require_signatures != false)
4) Small amounts of data corruption can be automatically corrected with CONFIG_DM_VERITY_FEC. If you're interested in that, consider enabling this setting as well.
5) When booting from an MMC device, I noticed that the MMC partition enumeration was out of sync with the old device allocation handler's device lookup, leading to a race condition. That is, it would try to find the MMC partitions listed (mmcblk0p1, mmcblk0p2) before they were instantiated and failed. I fixed it with another patch:
From: Nathan Barrett-Morrison <nathan.morrison@timesys.com>Data: fourth,30March2022 10:54:01-04:00Subject: [PATCH1/3] DM-Verity: Wait until10seconds for the eMMC/SD partitions to appear before dm_get_device() fails---controllers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c |sixteen++++++++++++----1file changed,12inserts (+),4exclusions (-)diff --git a/drivers/md/dm-verity-target.c b/drivers/md/dm-verity-target.cindice 711f101447e3..3fb02167a590 100644--- a/drivers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c+++ b/drivers/md/dm-verity-objetivo.c@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@#include "dm-verity-verify-sig.h" #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/reboot.h>+#include <linux/delay.h>#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "verdadero"@@ -998,10 +999,17 @@ static int verity_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, argc sin firmar, char **argv)} v->version = num;- r = dm_get_device(ti, argv[1], FMODE_READ, &v->data_dev);- se (r) {- ti->error = "Data device search failed";- go to evil;+ //Wait up to 10 seconds for devices to become available --+ //wait_for_device_probe() handles it, but eMMC/SD probe ends+ //e dm_get_device() fails before eMMC/SD partitions are found+ para(i = 0; i <= 100; i++){+ r = dm_get_device(ti, argv[1], FMODE_READ, &v->data_dev);+ se (r && i < 100) {+ msleep_interruptible(100);+ }if not(r){+ ti->error = "Data device search failed";+ go to evil;+ }} r = dm_get_device(ti, argv[2], FMODE_READ, &v->hash_dev);
Startup time comparisons
Testing on a relatively slower ARM processor (ADSP-SC589, ARMv7 500 MHz single core) shows some significant improvements. Note that this renderer is favorable for displaying the time difference here, as it has a slower initramfs load and unload time. Newer processors with eMMC, DDR, and faster cores will reduce this margin.
On this processor, there is a total boot time difference of 29.19 seconds.
using initramfs | Do not use initramfs | Difference | |
---|---|---|---|
total startup time | 53.33 seconds | 24.14 seconds | 29.19 seconds |
U-Boot: Carregar initramfs do MMC | 2.88 seconds | 0,00 s | 2.88 seconds |
U-Boot: Check the initramfs | 4.07 seconds | 0,00 s | 4.07 seconds |
U-Boot: realocar initramfs | 3.81 seconds | 0,00 s | 3.81 seconds |
Linux: unzip the initramfs | 18.26 seconds | 0,00 s | 18.26 seconds |
Linux: Run initramfs, mount partition, start systemd | 1,41 s | 1,09 s | 0,32 s |
On a faster multicore ARMv8+ processor, I think you would still see a significant 1-2 second difference in boot time. Initial device mapping can be a very important tool if you are trying to achieve a boot time goal of less than 10 seconds.
Help!
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FAQs
What is the use of DM-verity? ›
dm-verity helps prevent persistent rootkits that can hold onto root privileges and compromise devices. This feature helps Android users be sure when booting a device it is in the same state as when it was last used.
What causes DM-Verity corruption? ›dm-verity corruption means that the system partition was altered and now does not match to the cryptographic signature. You need to add more info about the device. Which Alcatel device is it, which OS version (or which custom ROM) is installed, etc.
How do I check my DM-verity status? ›Open a TWRP root shell and type: Code: surya:/ # avbctl get-verity verity is disabled. surya:/ # avbctl get-verification verification is disabled.
Does Magisk disable DM-verity? ›magisk isn't systemless. Some devices need to keep dm-verity enabled to work properly. One example is some Huawei devices that might otherwise experience weird behaviour or bootloops. If you can't access /data (TWRP can't decrypt, etc) you can instead use either /cache/.
How do I turn off DM-verity on Android? ›\adb.exe reboot bootloader Page 4 Note to see if your board successfully entered to Bootloader mode. In your serial terminal, you should see that you are in Bootloader mode. Unlock the dm-verity option. With that, you should have successfully disabled the verity option in your board.
How to bypass DM Verity? ›This device uses dm-verity! This means that swiping to allow system modifications will prevent you from being able to boot if you are using the stock kernel. In order to bypass dm-verity's boot prevention, you will have to install a kernel that has dm-verity disabled in the fstab.
What are the three levels of corruption? ›The most common types or categories of corruption are supply versus demand corruption, grand versus petty corruption, conventional versus unconventional corruption and public versus private corruption.
How do I fix a corrupted phone? ›- Scan your phone with Google Play Protect. As an Android user, you almost have nothing to worry about if your phone is corrupted; because all you need is to scan it with the Google Play Protect feature. ...
- Uninstall rogue apps manually. ...
- Factory reset your phone. ...
- Seek professional help.
The first one is to open the Instagram DM request and read it without hitting the 'Accept' button. This will not let the person, who has sent us the DM, know that we have read their message. The other option is to accept their Instagram message request.
How do I fix the DM glitch? ›Better check your connection and preferably use a Wi-Fi connection to avoid any problem. If you're already connected to Wi-Fi and are facing an Instagram DM bug, then try switching to your mobile data and refresh your inbox.
Can you search a DM? ›
Twitter DM search now works as you'd expect it to. Simply navigate to your DM inbox using a mobile app or web browser, and start typing in a keyword. Results will populate as you type, displaying messages containing the word or phrase you've entered.
Is Magisk manager harmful? ›Overall I'd say yes, the Magisk is safe. The Magisk and the modules that are available, much like the hammer and sickle, has the ability to be abused by the users when used for other purposes outside of its scope.
Can Magisk brick your phone? ›Of course. Any kind of rooting which involves an exploit can result in a brick.
Should I preserve AVB 2.0 DM Verity? ›In some instances it's necessary to preserve dm-verity or AVB(Android Verified Boot) in order to root a device without errors and allow it to boot. Since your phone is already rooted it's not necessary for you to worry about that option.
How to disable DM Verity with TWRP? ›...
How to remove screenshot and volume up/down buttons from navigation bar:
- Disable dm-verity (see above).
- Download suitable zip for your device below and copy it to your device's sdcard.
- Boot into TWRP recovery.
- Install zip in TWRP.
Under Settings > Privacy & Safety, find Server Privacy Defaults. If you scroll down a bit, it's second on the list. Flip the toggle for Allow direct messages from server members to off. You'll now have your direct messages closed by default when joining a server.
How do I disable Dming? ›- Open the Instagram app on your mobile device.
- Tap the profile icon in the bottom right corner.
- Tap the hamburger menu icon in the top right corner.
- Select “Settings.”
- Tap “Privacy.”
- Tap “Messages.”
- Select “Others on Instagram.”
- Checkmark “Don't receive requests.”
The “dm-verity need to check verification failed” error message often appears on a Samsung device when a user attempts to make firmware changes and the operating system security deems it as unsafe.
How do I disable verified boot? ›- download vbmeta.img in the attachment.
- on your computer, open cmd/terminal, and type : adb reboot bootloader.
- after entering fastboot, type : fastboot --disable-verity --disable-verification flash vbmeta vbmeta.img.
- Now you can flash your custom boot. img and it'll boot just fine.
You can also use the command adb reboot bootloader to reboot directly into the bootloader. See Flashing instructions for full instructions. Press and hold Volume Down, then press and hold Power. Press and hold Volume Down, then press and hold Power.
What are 5 corruption types? ›
Forms of corruption vary, but can include bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement.
What are the 5 causes of corruption? ›Among the factors affecting the supply of acts of corruption are (1) the bureaucratic tradition; (2) the level of public sector wages; (3) the penalty systems; (4) institutional controls; (5) the transparency of rules, laws, and processes; and (6) the examples set by the leadership.
What are six causes of corruption? ›- Greed of money, desires.
- Higher levels of market and political monopolization.
- Low levels of democracy, weak civil participation and low political transparency.
- Higher levels of bureaucracy and inefficient administrative structures.
- Low press freedom.
- Low economic freedom.
The most effective hacked phone fix for Android devices would be to carry out a factory reset. You will need to back up all contacts, files, and photos as you'll lose all your stored data. To perform a full reset, you'll need to tap Apps, head to Settings, and select the Backup and Reset option.
How do I reset my phone with malware? ›If you're ready to wipe your Android, here's how to get rid of viruses on your phone by factory resetting your Android: Reset your phone. Open Settings, select System, and tap Reset options. Choose Erase all data (factory reset) and then tap Erase all data.
Can I repair my phone myself? ›Depending on which phone you have and your level of technical proficiency and manual dexterity, you may be able to successfully complete some repairs yourself — or at the very least make your device usable for a brief duration while you back up your phone and get it ready for professional repair.
What is DM Verity Magisk? ›Dm-verity stands for device mapper verity and is a method of running a hash on the memory blocks of your device to ensure the integrity of your software and help prevent rootkits and the like. In some instances it's necessary to preserve dm-verity or AVB(Android Verified Boot) in order to root ...
How do you use DM-crypt? ›- Configure logical volume management (LVM) to store the encrypted data: ...
- Create a dm-crypt LUKS Container in the volume. ...
- Open the LUKS container and map the logical volume to its path. ...
- Create a file system on the logical volume. ...
- Create a mount location to mount the file system. ...
- Mount the file system.
Dm-crypt is a Linux kernel-level encryption mechanism that allows users to mount an encrypted file system. Mounting a file system is the process in which a file system is attached to a directory (mount point), which makes it available to the operating system.
What is DM integrity? ›The dm-integrity target emulates a block device that has additional per-sector tags that can be used for storing integrity information.
How to bypass DM-Verity? ›
This device uses dm-verity! This means that swiping to allow system modifications will prevent you from being able to boot if you are using the stock kernel. In order to bypass dm-verity's boot prevention, you will have to install a kernel that has dm-verity disabled in the fstab.
What is Android verity mode? ›Android verified boot
As dm-verity is a kernel feature, in order for the integrity protection it provides to be effective, the kernel which the device boots needs to be trusted. On Android, this means verifying the boot partition, which also includes the root file system RAM disk and the verity public key.
- connect your 3T when it's back in fastboot.
- type in CMD “enable dm-verity”
- done - keep CMD open and the phone connected.